Infrastructure

The internet is a physical machine. It is subject to the laws of physics, geography, and economics.

Submarine Cables

1.4 million kilometers of fiber optic cables on the ocean floor carry 99% of international data. We map the capacity, latency, and fragility of the physical layer.

BGP Routing

The Border Gateway Protocol binds 75,000 independent networks together. We analyze routing tables, AS paths, and the inherent vulnerabilities of the logical layer.

Data Centers

The engines of the cloud. Research into Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE), hyperscale cooling methodologies, and geographic constraints.

Tier 1 Networks

The dozen settlement-free networks that form the transit backbone of the global internet.